Arabidopsis thaliana

It is both a wild plant of open ground and an experimental organism used to study plant growth and gene function.

A young plant forms a low rosette of leaves, followed by an upright flowering stem with fewer, smaller leaves.

The basal leaves are often spoon-shaped and hairy, while the upper leaves are narrower and attached without a stalk.

Its small flowers have four white petals, four sepals and six stamens.

After flowering, narrow fruits called siliques hold small reddish-brown seeds.

Arabidopsis is predominantly self-fertilizing: pollen from a plant can fertilize its own flowers.

This is sexual reproduction through pollen and fertilization, rather than the production of seed without fertilization.

Research on different Arabidopsis accessions has linked self-fertility to independently arising changes in the system that otherwise rejects self-pollen.

The annual plant eventually produces seed and dies, but its seasonal schedule is not a single fixed calendar.

In studied wild populations in Sweden and Italy, seeds germinated in autumn and plants overwintered as rosettes before flowering.

Flowering occurred earlier in the Italian population than in the Swedish population, illustrating why a local life cycle needs its environmental context.

Kew places its native range across temperate Eurasia and into the mountains of tropical Africa, with introductions elsewhere.

Recorded habitats include rocky or sandy open ground and disturbed places such as gardens and railway margins.

A five-year reciprocal-transplant experiment compared plants originating from one Swedish and one Italian population at both home sites.

The local plants had higher reproductive fitness in eight of ten site-by-year comparisons, with no significant difference in the other two.

Here fitness was estimated from fruit production per planted seed or seedling, so the result describes those populations and that measure rather than every Arabidopsis population.

Arabidopsis research connects changes in genes with measurable changes in an entire plant, including its growth and developmental timing.

Boyes and colleagues established a growth-stage approach using Columbia plants and selected mutants, pairing early seedling observations with measurements of soil-grown plants.

Such comparisons distinguish a change in development from a difference caused merely by observing plants at different stages.

Self-fertilization experiments and field transplants show two complementary uses of the species: testing reproductive mechanisms and examining adaptation in natural environments.

Boggs and colleagues introduced the Arabidopsis lyrata SRKb–SCRb gene pair into selected Arabidopsis thaliana accessions to test restoration of self-incompatibility.

Their pollination assays assessed pollen-tube responses, and restoration differed between accession backgrounds.

This links a reproductive phenotype to a particular recognition system without treating all accessions as genetically identical.

The reciprocal-transplant study used one maternal line from each of two populations, with seeds planted in the first three years and seedlings in the final two.

Differences in survival and reproduction supported local adaptation, but the experiment was not a survey of all native populations.

The Boyes study combined a two-week seedling platform with soil-based measurements extending for approximately two months.

These are experimental observation windows, not a species-wide promise of the number of days from seed to seed.

The accessible publisher abstract identifies the study design but does not supply the detailed stage tables, so no stage-specific day counts are asserted here.