Animalia
In brief
Animals are multicellular eukaryotes obtaining organic nutrition from other organisms or their remains. Their cells lack cell walls. Most animals have specialized tissues, but sponges show why a familiar arrangement of organs cannot be assumed for every animal. Mobility often changes during life; a larva and an adult can differ substantially. [14]
Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Where to check this statement
- biology55-S07
- Introduction, tissues and reproduction; disputed early-animal topology excluded.
Photographs and illustrations
Save, investigate and check this version
Editorial draft · human review pending
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Animals: feeding, movement and development
Reading this page
An adult photograph does not represent the whole life cycle. When comparing occurrences, retain developmental-stage information where the source provides it. An Animalia map combines published records rather than drawing every species' distribution boundary.
Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Try it
Select an animal with images of different stages. Check that the captions identify the same species, then open its occurrences while retaining your selection.
Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Overview
Animals, also called metazoans, are multicellular eukaryotes whose cells coordinate growth, specialization and interactions with one another.
[1] [2]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
- NCBI Taxonomy Browser — Metazoa, taxid 33208
- The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A10
- Visible lineage Eukaryota > Opisthokonta > Metazoa (animals), child links and database disclaimer. This is a separate NCBI record, not a replacement for col:N.
- evidence:A01
- Abstract; Main; Genome sequencing and annotation; Six hallmarks of animal multicellularity; selected cell-adhesion and developmental-signalling paragraphs. Historical root-tree assumptions not adopted.
Their diversity includes sponges, comb jellies, placozoans, cnidarians and bilaterians—the broad group containing chordates, molluscs, arthropods and many kinds of worms.
[3]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A03
- Abstract; Main through study rationale and new genome sampling; figure captions as text, not images. The root inference is reported as the authors’ result, not universal consensus.
An animal body does not require a brain
Animal organization depends on more than the number of cells: adhesion, communication, controlled cell division and the development of specialized cell types help cells function as a body.
[2]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A01
- Abstract; Main; Genome sequencing and annotation; Six hallmarks of animal multicellularity; selected cell-adhesion and developmental-signalling paragraphs. Historical root-tree assumptions not adopted.
Sponges show why familiar mammalian organs cannot define all animals: they lack nerve and muscle cells and a centralized gut.
[4]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A09
- Abstract; Background; Results: evidence-based protein-coding gene annotation and comparison with previous annotations. Tables/figures not opened; no numeric gene total used.
Adult sponges are generally attached filter feeders, with channels that carry water through a body containing specialized feeding and other cells.
[3]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A03
- Abstract; Main through study rationale and new genome sampling; figure captions as text, not images. The root inference is reported as the authors’ result, not universal consensus.
Comb jellies have a contrasting organization: they are gelatinous marine predators propelled by eight rows of bundled cilia, and they possess nerve nets.
[3]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A03
- Abstract; Main through study rationale and new genome sampling; figure captions as text, not images. The root inference is reported as the authors’ result, not universal consensus.
Different ways to find and process food
In the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica, flagellated collar cells filter microbes and organic particles from the water.
[2]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A01
- Abstract; Main; Genome sequencing and annotation; Six hallmarks of animal multicellularity; selected cell-adhesion and developmental-signalling paragraphs. Historical root-tree assumptions not adopted.
The tiny, flattened marine animal Trichoplax moves across surfaces using cilia and digests food outside its body rather than inside a gut.
[5]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A02
- Abstract; Introduction; first Results on gliding, ciliary arrest and feeding; licence paragraph. No movies or figure images inspected; historical sole-named-species and six-cell-type totals not generalized to current knowledge.
Live imaging showed Trichoplax stopping over algae, releasing material that breaks algal cells open, taking up food and then resuming movement.
[5]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A02
- Abstract; Introduction; first Results on gliding, ciliary arrest and feeding; licence paragraph. No movies or figure images inspected; historical sole-named-species and six-cell-type totals not generalized to current knowledge.
Coral polyps, by contrast, use tentacles around a mouth to capture food, and their digestive cavity has a single opening through which food enters and waste leaves.
[6]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A07
- Complete short explanatory page text: polyp anatomy, feeding, skeletons, colonies and reef functions. Nematocysts are not repeated as cells; wording narrowed to stinging structures.
These are distinct solutions to acquiring organic food, not variations on a single universal animal digestive system.
[2] [5] [6]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
- The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity
- Coordinated Feeding Behavior in Trichoplax, an Animal without Synapses
- What are corals? — NOAA Corals Tutorial
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A01
- Abstract; Main; Genome sequencing and annotation; Six hallmarks of animal multicellularity; selected cell-adhesion and developmental-signalling paragraphs. Historical root-tree assumptions not adopted.
- evidence:A02
- Abstract; Introduction; first Results on gliding, ciliary arrest and feeding; licence paragraph. No movies or figure images inspected; historical sole-named-species and six-cell-type totals not generalized to current knowledge.
- evidence:A07
- Complete short explanatory page text: polyp anatomy, feeding, skeletons, colonies and reef functions. Nematocysts are not repeated as cells; wording narrowed to stinging structures.
Reproduction and changing life stages
Animals include species that reproduce sexually as well as species that propagate through budding or fission.
[7] [5]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
- How do corals reproduce? — NOAA Corals Tutorial
- Coordinated Feeding Behavior in Trichoplax, an Animal without Synapses
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A06
- Complete short explanatory page text: budding, spawning, planulae, settlement, metamorphosis and brooding. No images/videos viewed.
- evidence:A02
- Abstract; Introduction; first Results on gliding, ciliary arrest and feeding; licence paragraph. No movies or figure images inspected; historical sole-named-species and six-cell-type totals not generalized to current knowledge.
Corals illustrate how both modes can occur in one group: new polyps can bud from existing ones, while sexual reproduction involves eggs and sperm.
[7]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A06
- Complete short explanatory page text: budding, spawning, planulae, settlement, metamorphosis and brooding. No images/videos viewed.
In broadcast-spawning corals, gametes are released into the water and successful fertilization leads to swimming or drifting larvae called planulae.
[7]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A06
- Complete short explanatory page text: budding, spawning, planulae, settlement, metamorphosis and brooding. No images/videos viewed.
A larva that settles in suitable conditions transforms into a polyp, so the mobile young stage differs markedly from the attached adult form.
[7]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A06
- Complete short explanatory page text: budding, spawning, planulae, settlement, metamorphosis and brooding. No images/videos viewed.
Brooding corals instead retain early development internally and release developed larvae, showing that even related animals need not disperse offspring in the same way.
[7]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A06
- Complete short explanatory page text: budding, spawning, planulae, settlement, metamorphosis and brooding. No images/videos viewed.
From aquatic habitats to life on land
The move onto land happened independently in several animal lineages, including arthropods, vertebrates, molluscs and annelids.
[8]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A05
- Abstract; Main; opening Genome dynamics in terrestrialization. Online publication 12 November 2025; Nature volume 649 (2026). Not described as the latest study.
These transitions brought recurring challenges involving water retention, body support, movement, reproduction and sensing in air.
[8]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A05
- Abstract; Main; opening Genome dynamics in terrestrialization. Online publication 12 November 2025; Nature volume 649 (2026). Not described as the latest study.
A comparative genomic study found that different terrestrial lineages often evolved changes affecting similar biological functions, without following one identical genetic route.
[8]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A05
- Abstract; Main; opening Genome dynamics in terrestrialization. Online publication 12 November 2025; Nature volume 649 (2026). Not described as the latest study.
Animal habitat diversity therefore reflects repeated evolutionary transitions, not a single procession from a modern marine species to a modern land species.
[8]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A05
- Abstract; Main; opening Genome dynamics in terrestrialization. Online publication 12 November 2025; Nature volume 649 (2026). Not described as the latest study.
How animals shape other life
Reef-building corals secrete calcium-carbonate skeletons that accumulate into structures on which many other organisms depend.
[6]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A07
- Complete short explanatory page text: polyp anatomy, feeding, skeletons, colonies and reef functions. Nematocysts are not repeated as cells; wording narrowed to stinging structures.
Other animals contribute through flower visitation: a study of 41 crop systems reported positive associations between wild-insect visits and fruit set.
[9]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A08
- Repository abstract and bibliographic metadata only, including 41 crop systems and positive visitation/fruit-set associations. Not full text or methods; no causal or universal yield claim.
In that study, managed honey bees supplemented rather than replaced the contribution of wild insects.
[9]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A08
- Repository abstract and bibliographic metadata only, including 41 crop systems and positive visitation/fruit-set associations. Not full text or methods; no causal or universal yield claim.
A shared history with unresolved early branches
Comparative research connects very different animal bodies through inherited cellular machinery, including mechanisms for adhesion and developmental signalling.
[2]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A01
- Abstract; Main; Genome sequencing and annotation; Six hallmarks of animal multicellularity; selected cell-adhesion and developmental-signalling paragraphs. Historical root-tree assumptions not adopted.
The earliest branching order remains debated: chromosome-linkage analyses have supported comb jellies as the sister lineage to other animals, while later statistical work challenged aspects of that inference.
[3] [10]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
- Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals
- Sponges, ctenophores, and the statistical significance of syntenies
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A03
- Abstract; Main through study rationale and new genome sampling; figure captions as text, not images. The root inference is reported as the authors’ result, not universal consensus.
- evidence:A04
- Abstract; Introduction; initial Results on permutation strategies and outgroup tests; Methods on orthologs and chromosome comparisons. Figures and code not inspected or rerun.
Body organization and gene content are different questions
The Amphimedon genome project used embryos and larvae from one mother to reduce microbial contamination and genetic variation in its sequencing material.
[2]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A01
- Abstract; Main; Genome sequencing and annotation; Six hallmarks of animal multicellularity; selected cell-adhesion and developmental-signalling paragraphs. Historical root-tree assumptions not adopted.
A later study incorporated developmental RNA sequencing and revised gene models, illustrating why an annotation count is not an immutable property of an animal species.
[4]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A09
- Abstract; Background; Results: evidence-based protein-coding gene annotation and comparison with previous annotations. Tables/figures not opened; no numeric gene total used.
The presence of genes related to neuronal or muscular functions in a sponge does not establish that the sponge possesses neurons or muscles.
[2]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A01
- Abstract; Main; Genome sequencing and annotation; Six hallmarks of animal multicellularity; selected cell-adhesion and developmental-signalling paragraphs. Historical root-tree assumptions not adopted.
Feeding observations have a material and an experimental setting
The Trichoplax feeding study combined live-cell imaging and electron microscopy, with movement and feeding observed on laboratory substrates.
[5]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A02
- Abstract; Introduction; first Results on gliding, ciliary arrest and feeding; licence paragraph. No movies or figure images inspected; historical sole-named-species and six-cell-type totals not generalized to current knowledge.
It demonstrates coordinated behaviour without synapses in the studied animal, not that every animal coordinates feeding by the same cellular mechanism.
[5]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A02
- Abstract; Introduction; first Results on gliding, ciliary arrest and feeding; licence paragraph. No movies or figure images inspected; historical sole-named-species and six-cell-type totals not generalized to current knowledge.
Reading competing phylogenetic arguments
Schultz and colleagues used conserved chromosomal gene linkages as characters for testing the relative positions of sponges and ctenophores.
[3]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A03
- Abstract; Main through study rationale and new genome sampling; figure captions as text, not images. The root inference is reported as the authors’ result, not universal consensus.
Copley’s 2025 analysis argued that shuffling genes independently across all species can overstate significance by ignoring differences in their evolutionary relatedness.
[10]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A04
- Abstract; Introduction; initial Results on permutation strategies and outgroup tests; Methods on orthologs and chromosome comparisons. Figures and code not inspected or rerun.
That disagreement concerns the interpretation of phylogenetic evidence; it does not make a living sponge the direct ancestor of a living comb jelly.
[3] [10]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
- Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals
- Sponges, ctenophores, and the statistical significance of syntenies
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A03
- Abstract; Main through study rationale and new genome sampling; figure captions as text, not images. The root inference is reported as the authors’ result, not universal consensus.
- evidence:A04
- Abstract; Introduction; initial Results on permutation strategies and outgroup tests; Methods on orthologs and chromosome comparisons. Figures and code not inspected or rerun.
Ecological interpretation
The reported relationship between wild-insect visits and fruit set across 41 crop systems supports the importance of wild pollination in those systems, but does not predict a yield gain for every unstudied crop.
[9]Evidence for this statement
Editorial synthesis
Where to check this statement
- evidence:A08
- Repository abstract and bibliographic metadata only, including 41 crop systems and positive visitation/fruit-set associations. Not full text or methods; no causal or universal yield claim.
Identity
Scientific name
Animalia
[11]Evidence for this statement
Source annotation
Where to check this statement
- evidence:ID02
- taxon_rows[taxon_id=N]: scientific_name, taxon_rank, taxonomic_status, nomenclatural_code, classification_scope; source_row 95113
Taxonomic rank
kingdom
[11]Evidence for this statement
Source annotation
Where to check this statement
- evidence:ID02
- taxon_rows[taxon_id=N]: scientific_name, taxon_rank, taxonomic_status, nomenclatural_code, classification_scope; source_row 95113
Provider status
accepted
[11]Evidence for this statement
Source annotation
Where to check this statement
- evidence:ID02
- taxon_rows[taxon_id=N]: scientific_name, taxon_rank, taxonomic_status, nomenclatural_code, classification_scope; source_row 95113
col identifier
N
[11]Evidence for this statement
Source annotation
Where to check this statement
- evidence:ID02
- taxon_rows[taxon_id=N]: scientific_name, taxon_rank, taxonomic_status, nomenclatural_code, classification_scope; source_row 95113
Classification
Source lineage
- Eukaryota (Chatton, 1925) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978 domain
- Animalia kingdom
Evidence for this statement
Source annotation
Where to check this statement
- evidence:BL02
- sections[id=classification].claims[label=Source lineage] and [label=Source classification release]; full list and release object read
This is the source’s classification, not an inferred species phylogeny.
Source classification release
Inspect structured data
- classification semantics
- provider_source_classification_only
- phylogeny
- False
- release
- COL26.7 Base, 2026-07-14
- Source
- Catalogue of Life / ChecklistBank
- source sha256
- 891457d62af389842924ef1de8bd6fbbdf9f6b03428ef5dd487bed4d04c0ace0
- metadata reports source sha256 verified
- True
- source sha256 independently recomputed in this delivery
- False
- verification scope
- Saved scientific JSON release metadata; installed exact row additionally read
Evidence for this statement
Source annotation
Where to check this statement
- evidence:BL02
- sections[id=classification].claims[label=Source lineage] and [label=Source classification release]; full list and release object read
This is the source’s classification, not an inferred species phylogeny.
This group in the catalogue
The installed Catalogue of Life places Animalia at the rank of kingdom. Accepted record col:N belongs to COL26.7 Base, 2026-07-14. The authored scientific name is retained alongside the shorter name; navigation uses the record identifier.
[13]Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Where to check this statement
- classification55-N
- Installed classification: exact record, ancestor path and direct-child count. This is not a new phylogeny or a biological review.
The immediate parent here is Eukaryota (Chatton, 1925) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978 (domain). Preserve intermediate groups in the full path: a short list of principal ranks can omit them.
[13]Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Where to check this statement
- classification55-N
- Installed classification: exact record, ancestor path and direct-child count. This is not a new phylogeny or a biological review.
This index version contains 34 direct child records. This counts the next level of the tree, not all species, organisms, observations or studied genomes in the group.
[13]Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Where to check this statement
- classification55-N
- Installed classification: exact record, ancestor path and direct-child count. This is not a new phylogeny or a biological review.
From group to species
Prepared examples in this branch are Homo sapiens, Drosophila (Sophophora) melanogaster. Membership was checked in the same CoL release. Opening an example leads to its separate species record. Its geography, traits and sequences do not become properties of every member of the group.
[13]Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Where to check this statement
- classification55-N
- Installed classification: exact record, ancestor path and direct-child count. This is not a new phylogeny or a biological review.
Next question
Choose an example and frame a question at species or specimen level. On the map, preserve the exact filter and observation source; in molecular searches, preserve assembly, gene and sequence version. If a dataset is unavailable, leave the question open. A missing service response does not establish biological absence.
Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Continue exploring
From this article to your own question
Choose a statement in this article and open its evidence. Record whether it concerns the whole species, a particular specimen or specific study conditions. Then follow a suitable guide to preserve identifiers and state which evidence your question still needs.
Evidence for this statement
EcoGenesis
Classification record and its scope
Inspect structured data
- col id
- N
- scientific name
- Animalia
- rank
- kingdom
- parent id
- CS5HF
- child count
- 34
- source release
- COL26.7 Base, 2026-07-14
- source sha256
- 891457d62af389842924ef1de8bd6fbbdf9f6b03428ef5dd487bed4d04c0ace0
- classification semantics
- provider_source_classification_only
- phylogeny
- False
- lineage
- col id
- CS5HF
- scientific name
- Eukaryota (Chatton, 1925) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978
- rank
- domain
- status
- accepted
- col id
- N
- scientific name
- Animalia
- rank
- kingdom
- status
- accepted
Evidence for this statement
Source annotation
Where to check this statement
- classification55-N
- Installed classification: exact record, ancestor path and direct-child count. This is not a new phylogeny or a biological review.
Continue exploring
Sources and versions
Editorial draft · human review pending
- NCBI Taxonomy Browser — Metazoa, taxid 33208
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Reading scope
- visible_record_fields_read
- Location in the original source
- Visible lineage Eukaryota > Opisthokonta > Metazoa (animals), child links and database disclaimer. This is a separate NCBI record, not a replacement for col:N.
- The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- 2010-08-05
- Reading scope
- selected_full_text_sections
- Location in the original source
- Abstract; Main; Genome sequencing and annotation; Six hallmarks of animal multicellularity; selected cell-adhesion and developmental-signalling paragraphs. Historical root-tree assumptions not adopted.
- Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- 2023-05-17
- Reading scope
- selected_full_text_sections
- Location in the original source
- Abstract; Main through study rationale and new genome sampling; figure captions as text, not images. The root inference is reported as the authors’ result, not universal consensus.
- Deep developmental transcriptome sequencing uncovers numerous new genes and enhances gene annotation in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- 2015-05-15
- Reading scope
- selected_full_text_sections
- Location in the original source
- Abstract; Background; Results: evidence-based protein-coding gene annotation and comparison with previous annotations. Tables/figures not opened; no numeric gene total used.
- Coordinated Feeding Behavior in Trichoplax, an Animal without Synapses
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- 2015-09-02
- Reading scope
- selected_full_text_sections
- Location in the original source
- Abstract; Introduction; first Results on gliding, ciliary arrest and feeding; licence paragraph. No movies or figure images inspected; historical sole-named-species and six-cell-type totals not generalized to current knowledge.
- What are corals? — NOAA Corals Tutorial
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Reading scope
- page_text_read
- Location in the original source
- Complete short explanatory page text: polyp anatomy, feeding, skeletons, colonies and reef functions. Nematocysts are not repeated as cells; wording narrowed to stinging structures.
- How do corals reproduce? — NOAA Corals Tutorial
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Reading scope
- page_text_read
- Location in the original source
- Complete short explanatory page text: budding, spawning, planulae, settlement, metamorphosis and brooding. No images/videos viewed.
- Convergent genome evolution shaped the emergence of terrestrial animals
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- 2025-11-12
- Reading scope
- selected_full_text_sections
- Location in the original source
- Abstract; Main; opening Genome dynamics in terrestrialization. Online publication 12 November 2025; Nature volume 649 (2026). Not described as the latest study.
- Wild Pollinators Enhance Fruit Set of Crops Regardless of Honey Bee Abundance — author institution record
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- 2013-03-29
- Reading scope
- abstract_and_metadata_only
- Location in the original source
- Repository abstract and bibliographic metadata only, including 41 crop systems and positive visitation/fruit-set associations. Not full text or methods; no causal or universal yield claim.
- Sponges, ctenophores, and the statistical significance of syntenies
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- 2025-12-08
- Reading scope
- selected_full_text_sections
- Location in the original source
- Abstract; Introduction; initial Results on permutation strategies and outgroup tests; Methods on orthologs and chromosome comparisons. Figures and code not inspected or rerun.
- Assigned exact CoL identity — Animalia
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- COL26.7 Base, 2026-07-14
- Reading scope
- supplied_installed_row_read
- Location in the original source
- taxon_rows[taxon_id=N]: scientific_name, taxon_rank, taxonomic_status, nomenclatural_code, classification_scope; source_row 95113
- Saved CoL classification — Animalia
2026-09-06 · Reuse permission unverified
Provenance and original
- Source version
- COL26.7 Base, 2026-07-14
- Reading scope
- supplied_scientific_json_read
- Location in the original source
- sections[id=classification].claims[label=Source lineage] and [label=Source classification release]; full list and release object read
- Animalia · Catalogue of Life
2026-09-19T12:02:54.209836+00:00 · Terms of use on source site
Provenance and original
- Source version
- COL26.7 Base, 2026-07-14
- Original SHA-256
- 891457d62af389842924ef1de8bd6fbbdf9f6b03428ef5dd487bed4d04c0ace0
- Source reading scope
- Installed classification: exact record, ancestor path and direct-child count. This is not a new phylogeny or a biological review.
- Location in the original source
- Installed classification: exact record, ancestor path and direct-child count. This is not a new phylogeny or a biological review.
- OpenStax 27.1 — Features of the Animal Kingdom
2026-09-19 · CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
Provenance and original
- Source version
- Biology 2e (2018); page inspected 2026-09-19
- Source reading scope
- Introduction, tissues and reproduction; disputed early-animal topology excluded.
- Location in the original source
- Introduction, tissues and reproduction; disputed early-animal topology excluded.
Inspect structured data
- Content version
- 3d2b320818f0fb8c588c76d80eefc884a6f09331407c44d775495fe82d1c0ed5
- Source version
- editorial-source-set.v1@2f34b1d831242f281862ffc4345e923430f19a8c48243b0b11c3ce63abe7a04e;COL26.7@891457d62af389842924ef1de8bd6fbbdf9f6b03428ef5dd487bed4d04c0ace0
- Updated
- 2026-10-01